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Kohala Watershed: Bringing Life Back to the Land                             Ke Ola Magazine   June / July

8/28/2017

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PictureCrew member, Kukui Keliihoomalu in the forest.
  Kohala Mountain is a cloaked monarch crowned with a 50,000 acre cloud forest that feeds the streams of Kohala district and its people. The trade winds bring warm wet air into the cool mountains and create a constant source of moisture that in pre-western contact time fed the extensive Kohala field system.    
  Today, Kohala Mountain still provides approximately 6% (154 million gallons per day) of the sustainable yield of water for Hawaiʽi Island. The watershed is a primary source of drinking and irrigation water for North and South Kohala and parts of Hāmākua, but with an enlarged, restored watershed the potential is much greater.
  Recognizing this, in 2003 DLNR, which had been working with seven other watershed projects around the state, brought the Kohala Mountain land owners and managers together. “There was a push from the DLNR to try to look at watershed forest issues on a bigger picture level as a whole. Lisa Hadway who was working within the DLNR started the momentum. They called a meeting and we found that our goals were in alignment,” said Pono Von Holt, Ponoholo Ranch owner. 

Picture
Kohala Watershed seen from Kawaihae.
The land owners and managers that include: Kahuā, Parker and Ponoholo ranches, Hawaiʽi State (DLNR), Kamehameha Schools, Department of Hawaiian Homelands, Queen Emma Land Co., Laupāhoehoe Nui LLC and Surety Kohala signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), and the Kohala Watershed Partnership was born.
  The eighth watershed partnership to be formed statewide, the KWP consists of approximately 68,000 acres of forest and grasslands on the windward and leeward slopes of Kohala Mountain, the island’s oldest volcano.
  The partners agreed that the organization would have a very limited to non-existent bureaucracy, but realizing they needed a paid staff member, they worked with a non-profit fiscal agent to hire Melora Purell as their first program coordinator.
   “I sat down with each of the partners when I started the job, and the key thing I wanted to understand was why they signed on to this. I was quite blown away how it was driven by land owners and managers wanting to do what was right, what was pono for the land, the ecosystem, the forest, the watershed,” said Melora.
​
  One of the first tasks of the KWP prior to hiring staff was to create a management plan. “The management plan was already in place when I was hired, and was really clear about what needed to be done, why it needed to be done and how it needed to be done. I had this plan in front of me and I just needed to get to work,” said Melora.
Picture
Laying fence.
The Kohala Center with its current KWP Coordinator, Cody Dwight, seeks out funding and manages the “boots on the ground” work. “That's their forte being an organization that pools together these different programs and facilitates funding as well as the operation side so we can pool our goals and our time and effort,” said Pono.
First Steps
  Starting at the top, the idea was to extend the forest reserve zone down the mountain by eliminating feral ungulates and installing fencing to create “exclosures” in conservation parlance. “Take the forest away from the cattle and move them down the mountain. We're going to increase the size of the watershed by several thousand acres into our ranch country and that will give us a buffer for invasives,” said Pono.  
  Getting the feral cattle, probably descendants from Vancouver’s time, out of the forest was no easy task. Individual efforts by the ranches in the past had not been successful, but under KWP, the three ranches, Ponoholo, Kahuā and Parker, were able to remove feral cattle from the forest. “We learned that just by the fact that we put the three ranches together in a concerted effort, we were successful in taking back a large piece of ground,” said Pono.
  Fencing is the sustainable component of ungulate control. “The first fence up was on Ponoholo Ranch, about 100 acres. Right below, Parker ranch extended from that along the inside of the Honokane Valley ridge and right in to the edge of Pololū,” said Pono. “By the time we get done we'll have 3000 acres that we've taken back and in 50 years or so, it will be reforested,” he added. 
​
Picture
Koaia corridor, Kohala Mountain
Pelekane Bay Watershed:
  The Pelekane Bay Watershed in Kawaihae is a graphic example of the importance of a botanically healthy watershed. The Koaiʽa Corridor, which is in the upper Pelekane Bay Watershed, runs mauka from DLNR’s  Koaiʽa Tree Sanctuary on Kohala Mountain Road and is a two mile riparian corridor of about 300 acres nestled between Waiakamali and Luahine streams. Down slope in the lower Pelekane Bay Watershed, the two streams eventually merge into Makeahua stream that in turn empties into Pelekane Bay.
  The watershed needs a layered diversity of plants to capture and absorb the rains otherwise sediment-filled water flows down the mountainside and into the ocean. Standing on the Koaiʽa Tree Sanctuary fence-line, the contrast is stunning. Inside the sanctuary are groves of koaiʽa, large healthy ohia and lower canopy natives. Outside the fence is a windswept grassland.
  Once a canopied forest, the lower Pelekane Bay Watershed is almost completely devoid of vegetation and is severely eroded. “This mountain all used to look like the Koaiʽa Tree Sanctuary,” said Cody. The consequences of the denuded watershed can easily be seen in Pelekane Bay. Once a biologically diverse estuary, Pelekane Bay has been inundated with sediment washed down the drastically eroded mountainside.
  “To protect the coral reef we have to stabilize this mountain from eroding. Get some vegetation to grow in critical erosion areas,” said Cody. The main obstacle to this is a large uncontrolled herd of feral goats that live in the watershed. “The goats live in gulches and they eat the grass from the top and then they go back down into the gulches,” said Cody. 
  A temporary measure to control erosion while working towards revegetation is the installation of check dams, which are constructed as wire and cloth-wrapped rock walls in key drainages, and are capable of holding up to 10 tons of sediment. In August 2015 a large brush fire followed a week later by a brief, intense storm event put those check dams to the test. “It was like a perfect storm event. Those sediment check dams we had in place all filled up,” said Cody. 
​
  Changes in water quality are being monitored by cooperating conservation partners, The Nature Conservancy and NOAA. “The water quality has improved. Changes in Pelekane Bay. Changes on the landscape. These areas are looking a lot better,” said Cody.
Picture
Pono von Holt on his Ponoholo Ranch
PictureField crew captain, Haia Aweloa walking the Pelekane watershed section.
Creating Conditions for Growth
  The ultimate goal is to have a re-vegetated watershed, but to do this it is necessary to remove invasive plants and create positive conditions for the native plants that previously populated the watershed. Propagating and out-planting, along with fencing, invasive plant control and anything else that needs to get done, is the job of the four person KWP field crew.
  Crew leader Haia Auweloa, Kukui Keliʽihoʽomalu, Jordon Wills and new volunteer crew member Makaliʽi Bertelmann and I drive up Kohala Mountain Road and enter the lower Pelekane Bay Watershed. The crew spreads out to survey the area and find several aʽaliʽi with mature seeds, which are collected and taken to the State Tree Nursery where plants are propagated for future out-planting. “In the Koaiʽa Corridor we have about 60,000 plants already and below we have about 20,000 plants,” said Haia.
​
  When they’re ready to be planted the seedlings will go through a couple of stages of acclimation. At the nursery they’re set outside in a semi-sheltered area and watering is continued. The next step is to take them up to the watershed for planting, where they are sheltered by tall grass and will continue to receive water through a temporary irrigation system fed from water tanks and when established, the plants will stop receiving irrigation.

The Watershed is our Kumu
  The Kohala Watershed has become an outdoor classroom and laboratory for Kohala’s children. Kohala Center’s Mahina Patterson coordinates place-based, hands-on science classes in the watershed. “Because the Kohala Watershed Partnership is housed at the Kohala Center, we have this resource to share with the community,” said Mahina.
  Being in the watershed allows learners to explore independently and make observations. “I ask students: ‘What do you see inside the fenced unit versus the outside landscape?’  We read the story that the land has to tell us,” said Mahina.
  Students also get an opportunity to think and act like scientists. “Another great lesson is biodiversity. What are the species here and what are we seeing?  They get to experience doing real science using scientific tools, such as a transect,” said Mahina.
  The watershed also gives students the opportunity to experience restoration work and to grapple with its challenges. “I was on Puʽu Pili with a group of Kohala Middle School students, learning about pig trapping and ginger control. It was an opportunity to show them why fences are important. Let's together look at the effects of the pigs on the forest, do ungulate surveys. Real science,” said Mahina.
  The watershed also educates the heart and fosters gratitude. “It’s just so beautiful and so different that even kids that had a bad attitude when they got into the van, when they get there, everything shifts,” said Mahina.
​
  The KWP is a shining example of what can be accomplished through the sharing of a vision and the willingness to lend our hands and hearts to reclaim our source of life.
 
Picture
Students investigating the watershed.
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Ulu Kanaka'ole Garmon: Portal to Ancient Wisdom                   Special to North Hawaii News / April 2016

6/11/2016

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PictureUlu Garmon
The story of Ulu Kanakaʽole Garmon is the story of the resilience and wisdom of Hawaiian spiritual cultural practices through the legacy of the Kanakaʽole family. Daughter of Aunty Edith Kanakaʽole, Garmon grew up in Keaukaha, immersed in the natural world and surrounded by family.
“The ocean was my front door. You could smell it, you could hear it, you could feel it,” says Garmon.  “There were a lot of trails between the streets and that's how we went to school. We had relatives on every road and so we would make trails to their houses,” she adds.
     Born in 1934, Garmon’s insulated life was abruptly shattered with the onset of World War II. “The war started and they built an army base in front of my grandmother's house. And then they built a naval base in front of our house. That was Keaukaha for a few years with the military influx. Our ocean was barb-wired and we had to learn how to crawl through to go swimming” says Garmon.
       Much like her mother and two sisters, Nalani and Pualani, Garmon became adept at maintaining cultural roots while traversing the Western world. “By the time the war was ended, we had to go outside of Keaukaha to go to intermediate and high school. A larger introduction to people other than Hawaiians,” says Garmon. Singing became her focus. “I had no time to do other things. I belonged to a quartet and then the district choir and the church chorus,” Garmon says.
      After graduation, Garmon discovered how far she could stretch her roots when she was sent to Rexburg Junior College in Idaho. “I came home in December. I could not live away from the ocean. It was the worse kind of ache,” says Garmon.

PictureDaughter Leiola holding a family photo
    In August of the following year, Garmon was married and living on Oahu with her husband, Ezra, who was in the Marines. Marine life meant moving many times in the following years between, California and Hawaii and as far away as North Carolina. During this time Garmon had six children, who became some of her best teachers. “It provided me what I needed to learn about people when I did go to work. When I went back to school in Hilo, the best papers that I ever wrote had to do with my kids,” says Garmon.
      Eventually the family was able to return to Hawaii Island and moved to Waimea in 1978. In 1982 Garmon became Waimea School’s Kupuna or cultural practitioner. “I felt it was necessary for them to learn about being Hawaiian, the birth of the islands and Pele. As a story teller, I wanted them to be their own story teller. Each table would come up with a story about what they had learned and they were wonderful,” says Garmon.
Next Garmon worked with OHA from 1985-1990. “Aunty Betty Jenkins on Oahu came here for a workshop and she asked if I would be interested in coming to Oahu and working on a curriculum. I went as a member of a cultural team,” says Garmon.

PictureEdith Kanaka'ole
     In 1990 the Kanakaʽole / Kanahele families came together to form the Edith Kanakaʽole Foundation (ETF). “We decided that we needed a 501 c3 and raised monies to put into that. That's how the Edith Kanaka'ole Foundation was born. We crash-coursed all the kids on different parts of the culture and they had to turn around and bring it to the very first group that we serviced in 1992,” says Garmon.
    Garmon then began her work with veterans suffering from PTSD, taking the first groups to Waipio Valley. “I did a cultural component with Vietnam Veterans down in Waipio Valley because it’s identical [to Vietnam]. The whole idea was to take them back in order for them to come forward,” says Garmon.
    Looking to nature for life lessons, Garmon took groups to Puaulu in Volcano. “I want them to look at a tree that appears to be dead, to really look close because this tree has been surviving like that all of the years I have known it.  It has a couple of leaves. The roots down below are not doing well but the aerial roots are catching the moisture from the air and giving life to this plant. I want them to know that there is this part in them that will be able to catch from other places,” says Garmon.

PictureLeiola and Ulu
       Garmon then brought her cultural knowledge and wisdom to bear with drug treatment where she worked with addiction groups such as Big Island Substance Abuse Council (BISAC), providing cultural based workshops for clients and service personnel. “It has nothing to do with addiction. It has to do with giving them back who they are as a Hawaiian. You cannot just go by the book. That’s the difference in the kind of work we’re doing,” says Garmon. 
       From 1998 until 2009, Garmon moved to the coral reefs of Laehala in Hilo to work with Kamehameha School children through the EDF. “For the coral pond, I used the first 45 lines of the Kumulipo to take them back to this place. Not to look at the Kumulipo as something way out there.  It's within your reach. I give them little stories that belong to some of the creatures that live there,” says Garmon.
       Most recently, with the assistance of her daughter Leiola Mitchell, Garmon is working with grief and loss groups through the Queen Liliuokalani Trust. Again, Garmon called on her cultural roots with the story of a park the Queen gave to the people of Pauoa Valley. “They grew shrubs that spelled out the word Uluhaimalama. It’s a metaphor for this whole idea that Liliu talked about [coming] out of the darkness.  You plant a seed in the darkness and no matter what, this seed will always reach towards the light and it will puka (make a hole) through,” says Garmon.  
       The work of Ulu Garmon and her family provides a portal into the ancient wisdom of the Hawaiian ancestors, who were of the land and drew wisdom from their connection with it and each other, an apt metaphor for contemporary life.


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